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Suspension culture and development - methodology, kinetics of growth and production formation, elicitation methods, hairy root culture. Detailed notes 1. Introduction Suspension culture is a type of plant tissue culture in which single cells or small cell aggregates are grown in liquid nutrient medium under continuous agitation. It is mainly used for: Large-scale biomass production Secondary metabolite production Cell physiology and biochemical studies Genetic manipulation and selection. 2. Methodology of Suspension Culture 2.1 Source of Explant Usually initiated from friable callus Callus derived from: Leaf Stem Root Hypocotyl Friable callus is preferred as it disintegrates easily into single cells. 2.2 Preparation of Cell Suspension Friable callus is transferred into liquid MS medium Medium contains: Carbon source (usually sucrose) Auxins (2,4-D commonly used) Culture maintained in: Conical flasks Orbital shaker (100–150 rpm) 2.3 Culture Conditions Parameter Requirement Temperature ...

Micropropagation for Large-Scale Production of Medicinal Plants, Tree Species and Ornamentals –  1. Introduction Micropropagation is an in-vitro clonal propagation technique used for rapid multiplication of plants under aseptic and controlled laboratory conditions. It enables the production of a large number of genetically uniform, disease-free plants from a small amount of starting material (explant). This technique is especially important for medicinal plants, forest tree species and ornamental plants, where conventional propagation is slow, seasonal or inefficient. 2. Principle of Micropropagation Micropropagation is based on totipotency, the inherent ability of a single plant cell to regenerate into a complete plant when provided with: Suitable nutrient medium Proper plant growth regulators Controlled light, temperature and humidity Sterile conditions. 3. Stages of Micropropagation Micropropagation generally involves five stages : Stage I – Selection and Sterilization of Expla...

Micropropagation for Large-Scale Production of Crop Plants – Detailed Notes 1. Introduction Micropropagation is an in-vitro clonal propagation technique used for the rapid multiplication of plants under aseptic and controlled laboratory conditions. It is a major application of plant tissue culture, allowing large-scale production of genetically identical plants (clones) from a small piece of plant tissue (explant). This technique is widely used for crop plants, horticultural plants, ornamentals, forest trees, and medicinal plants. 2. Principle of Micropropagation Micropropagation is based on the concept of totipotency, which states that: Every living plant cell has the genetic potential to regenerate into a complete plant under suitable conditions. By providing appropriate nutrients, hormones, light, temperature, and sterile conditions, a single explant can produce thousands of plantlets. 3. Stages of Micropropagation Micropropagation is carried out in five distinct stages: Stage I – S...

Callus Culture and Regeneration of Plants Introduction Callus culture is an in vitro plant tissue culture technique in which an unorganized mass of proliferating cells (callus) is induced from explants such as leaf, stem, root, or meristem under aseptic and controlled conditions. These callus cells retain totipotency, enabling regeneration of complete plants under suitable hormonal and nutritional conditions. Callus culture forms the foundation of plant biotechnology, playing a crucial role in micropropagation, genetic transformation, somaclonal variation, and secondary metabolite production. Definition Callus is a mass of undifferentiated parenchymatous cells produced by continuous cell division of explant tissues when cultured on a nutrient medium supplemented with plant growth regulators. Principle of Callus Culture Based on the concept of cellular totipotency. Dedifferentiation of mature cells occurs due to the action of auxins and cytokinins. Redifferentiation and organ formation ...

Biopiracy 1. Definition of Biopiracy Biopiracy refers to the illegal or unethical appropriation of biological resources, traditional knowledge, or genetic material from indigenous communities or developing countries without proper authorization or compensation. Often involves patenting or commercial exploitation by corporations or foreign entities. The term is closely linked to intellectual property rights (IPR) violations. Key Point: Biopiracy exploits biodiversity and traditional knowledge without recognizing or rewarding the communities who discovered or conserved it. 2. Features of Biopiracy Unauthorized use – Taking biological resources without permission. Commercialization – Patenting or selling the product for profit. Violation of indigenous rights – Exploits local knowledge or traditional practices. Absence of benefit-sharing – Local communities usually do not get compensation. Global dimension – Often involves developed countries exploiting resources from developing countries....

PATENT    1. Definition of a Patent A patent is a legal right granted by a government to an inventor. It gives the inventor exclusive rights to make, use, sell, or license an invention for a limited period, usually 20 years from the filing date. Purpose: Encourage innovation by protecting intellectual property (IP). 2. Key Features of a Patent Novelty – The invention must be new and not known publicly anywhere in the world. Inventive Step / Non-obviousness – The invention should not be obvious to someone skilled in the field. Industrial Applicability / Utility – The invention must be useful and capable of being made or used in industry. Full Disclosure – The inventor must provide detailed information so that someone skilled in the art can reproduce the invention. Exclusivity – Grants the right to prevent others from making, using, or selling the invention without permission. 3. Types of Patents Utility Patents – Protects new inventions or functional improvements (e.g., machine...