Last Grade ServantsDepartment : Various Govt. owned Companies/Corporations/ Boards.

Post : Last Grade Servants
Department : Various Govt. owned Companies/Corporations/ Boards.
Category Code : 113/17
Question Paper Code : 117/17
Date of Test : 07-10-2017

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COLLECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND TABULATION OF DATADIAGRAMMATIC AND GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATAINTRODUCTION

COLLECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND TABULATION OF DATA DIAGRAMMATIC AND GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA INTRODUCTION Statistics deals with the collection, classification, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. Raw data in its original form is difficult to understand. Therefore, it must be systematically collected, classified, tabulated and presented through diagrams and graphs for better understanding and decision-making. 1. COLLECTION OF DATA Collection of data refers to the process of gathering information for a specific purpose. Objectives of Data Collection To obtain relevant and reliable information To facilitate analysis and interpretation To help in decision-making and planning Types of Data (a) Primary Data Primary data are collected by the investigator for the first time. Methods of collecting primary data: Direct Personal Investigation – Investigator personally collects data Indirect Oral Investigation – Data collected through witnesses Questionnaire Method – ...

Source of germplasm

Sources of Germplasm Introduction Germplasm refers to the total genetic resources of a crop species, including seeds, plant parts, tissues, pollen, or entire plants that carry hereditary material. It is the basic raw material for plant breeding and crop improvement. The success of any breeding programme depends largely on the availability, diversity, and proper utilization of germplasm. 1. Landraces (Primitive Cultivars ) Landraces are locally adapted traditional varieties developed by farmers through natural and artificial selection over long periods. Characteristics: High genetic variability Adapted to local climate and soil Low yield but stable performance Importance: Source of resistance to pests, diseases, and abiotic stress Example: Traditional rice varieties of Kerala 2. Obsolete Varieties These are varieties once cultivated widely but later replaced by improved varieties. Importance: Possess useful genes lost in modern breeding Provide genetic diversity 3. Modern Cu...

Centres of Genetic Diversity

Centres of Genetic Diversity Introduction Centres of genetic diversity are geographical regions of the world where maximum genetic variation of plants or animals occurs . These regions contain wild relatives, primitive cultivars, landraces, and domesticated varieties of species. They play a crucial role in evolution, plant breeding, conservation of biodiversity, and food security. The concept of centres of genetic diversity is closely associated with N. I. Vavilov, a Russian geneticist, who studied crop plants extensively and proposed that crop domestication occurred in specific regions showing high variability. Definition A centre of genetic diversity is a region where: A species exhibits maximum genetic variability Both wild and cultivated forms are present Continuous natural selection and adaptation take place Vavilov’s Concept of Centres of Origin Vavilov (1926) proposed that: Cultivated plants originated from definite geographical areas These areas show greatest diversi...

PLANT INTROUCTION: TYPES AND PROCEDURE

PLANT INTROUCTION: TYPES AND PROCEDURE 1. Introduction Plant introduction is the transfer of plant species, varieties, or genotypes from one geographical area to another where they were not previously grown. It is one of the oldest and most important methods of crop improvement and forms the basis of modern agriculture. Many important crops such as wheat, rice, maize, potato, cotton, sugarcane, and tobacco have been introduced from other countries. Definition : Plant introduction is the process of introducing plants or plant genetic material from their native or foreign regions into a new area for cultivation, evaluation, and utilization. 2. Objectives of Plant Introduction To increase crop productivity To introduce high-yielding varieties To obtain disease- and pest-resistant plants To introduce early maturing or drought-tolerant varieties To improve quality traits (oil content, protein, fiber, taste) To broaden the genetic base of crops To replace inferior local varieties To dev...

••CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE - FRITSCH

MODULE -1 PHYCOLOGY CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE - FRITSCH ❖F.E. Fritsch (1935, 1945) in his book“The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae”proposed a system of classification of algae. He treated algae giving rank of division and divided it into 11 classes. His classification of algae is mainly based upon characters of pigments, flagella and reserve food material. Classification of Fritsch was based on the following criteria o Pigmentation. o Types of flagella o Assimilatory products o Thallus structure o Method of reproduction Fritsch divided algae into the following 11 classes 1. Chlorophyceae 2. Xanthophyceae 3. Chrysophyceae 4. Bacillariophyceae 5. Cryptophyceae 6. Dinophyceae 7. Chloromonadineae 8. Euglenineae 9. Phaeophyceae 10. Rhodophyceae 11. Myxophyce...

Concepts of de Candolle and Vavilov

1. Concept of de Candolle (1882) Introduction Alphonse de Candolle, a Swiss botanist, proposed one of the earliest scientific ideas about the geographical origin of cultivated plants in his book “Origin of Cultivated Plants” (1882). Main Concept Cultivated plants originated in regions where their wild ancestors were naturally found. These regions are usually areas of ancient human civilization, where agriculture first developed. Basis of de Candolle’s Concept De Candolle used:(BAHL) Botanical evidence – presence of wild relatives Historical records – ancient literature and scriptures Archaeological findings Linguistic evidence – local names of crops Geographical distribution Key Features Emphasized broad geographical regions rather than precise centers. Believed domestication occurred over a long time. Recognized multiple origins for some crops. Examples Wheat → Near East Maize → Central America Potato → South America Rice → South-East Asia Merits First systematic scientific approach. ...

Measures of dispersion - range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation, Coefficient of variation

MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CONCEPTUAL NOTES) 1. Introduction Measures of dispersion show how spread out or scattered the data are. While the mean, median, and mode tell us about the central value, dispersion tells us how far the data are from the center. Two datasets can have the same mean but different spreads, so dispersion helps us understand variability or consistency. Common measures: Range Quartile Deviation (Q.D.) Mean Deviation (M.D.) Standard Deviation (S.D.) Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) 2. Range Definition: The range is the difference between the largest and smallest values in the data. Purpose: Gives a quick idea of how spread out the data is. Advantages: Very simple and easy to calculate. Disadvantages: Uses only two values, ignoring the rest of the data. Very sensitive to extreme values or outliers. 3 . Quartile Deviation (Q.D.) Definition: Quartile deviation measures the spread of the middle 50% of the data. It focuses on the central part of the dataset, ignoring extreme ...

0. INDEX PAGE

INDEX PAGE CONTENT 0. NOTETHEPOINT43OFFICIAL 1. MIXED GK 2. Higher Secondary School Teacher (Junior)-Economics 3. Vocational Instructor in Domestic Nursing-Vocational 4. Fireman Driver cum Pump Operator (Trainee) (Direct/SR) - Fire & Rescue Services 5. Lecturer in Computer Application - Collegiate Education 6. Dietician Grade II - Health Services 7. Surveyor Grade II - Kerala Water Authority 8. Draftsman Grade II (Mechanical) - Port 9. Foreman - State Water Transport 10. Jr. Instructor in Tailoring & Garment Making Training Centre - Technical Education 11. Assistant Dental Surgeon - IMS/Health Services (NCA - OX) 12. Junior Instructor (Arithmetic-cum-Drawing) (SR) - Industrial Training 13. HSST MALAYALAM GK 14. Technician Grade II (General Mechanic) (General/Society) - KCMMF Limited 15. Instructor/Voc. Instructor in Physical Education (Physical Instructor) - Technical Education (Govt. Polytechnics)/VHSE 16....

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