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PLANT INTROUCTION: TYPES AND PROCEDURE


PLANT INTROUCTION: TYPES AND PROCEDURE


1. Introduction


Plant introduction is the transfer of plant species, varieties, or genotypes from one geographical area to another where they were not previously grown.

 It is one of the oldest and most important methods of crop improvement and forms the basis of modern agriculture.

Many important crops such as wheat, rice, maize, potato, cotton, sugarcane, and tobacco have been introduced from other countries.

Definition:

Plant introduction is the process of introducing plants or plant genetic material from their native or foreign regions into a new area for cultivation, evaluation, and utilization.


2. Objectives of Plant Introduction


To increase crop productivity
To introduce high-yielding varieties
To obtain disease- and pest-resistant plants
To introduce early maturing or drought-tolerant varieties
To improve quality traits (oil content, protein, fiber, taste)
To broaden the genetic base of crops
To replace inferior local varieties
To develop new varieties through breeding


3. Importance of Plant Introduction

Forms the starting material for plant breeding programs
Helps in crop diversification
Provides new genes for resistance and adaptability
Leads to economic development and food security
Helps in adapting crops to changing climatic conditions


4. Types of Plant Introduction


Plant introduction is classified into the following types:

A. Primary Introduction

Introduced plants are directly released for cultivation without further breeding.
Used when introduced variety is superior to local varieties.
Requires evaluation and adaptation.


Examples:

Wheat varieties from Mexico to India
Groundnut varieties from Africa


Merits:

Saves time and cost
Immediate benefit to farmers


Demerits:


Risk of introducing pests and diseases
Limited adaptability


B. Secondary Introduction


Introduced plants are used in breeding programs.
They are crossed with local varieties to develop improved types.

Examples:


Semi-dwarf wheat varieties used in Indian breeding programs
Rice varieties introduced from IRRI


Merits:


Produces improved varieties
Greater adaptability


Demerits:


Time-consuming
Requires skilled breeding work

C. Planned Introduction

Introduced with specific objectives (yield, resistance, quality).
Based on prior knowledge of climate and soil.

Example:


Introduction of rust-resistant wheat varieties.


D. Unplanned (Accidental) Introduction

Plants introduced unintentionally.
Often includes weeds.


Examples:

Parthenium
Lantana
Water hyacinth

Disadvantages:


Causes ecological imbalance
Harmful to agriculture and environment


5. Procedure of Plant Introduction


The procedure involves several systematic steps:


1. Exploration and Collection

Identification of desired plant material from native regions.
Collection is done by:
Scientists
Agricultural institutes
Botanical expeditions

Sources of introduction:
Gene banks
Research institutes
Botanical gardens
Farmers’ fields



2. Introduction and Transportation


Collected material is safely transported to the new country.
Proper care is taken to:
Prevent damage
Avoid pest infestation


Plant material may include:
Seeds
Cuttings
Tubers
Budwood


3. Quarantine (Very Important Step)

Introduced material is screened for pests, diseases, and pathogens.

Conducted at plant quarantine stations.

Prevents entry of:
Insects
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
Nematodes

Significance:
Protects native agriculture
Ensures biosecurity


4. Evaluation


Introduced plants are evaluated for:
Yield
Adaptability
Resistance to pests and diseases
Quality traits
Trials are conducted under:
Controlled conditions
Different agro-climatic zones


5. Multiplication


Superior plants are multiplied through:
Seeds
Vegetative propagation
Sufficient planting material is produced for:
Trials
Distribution


6. Release and Distribution


After successful evaluation:
Variety is officially released
Distributed to farmers
Recommended for cultivation in suitable regions


6. Advantages of Plant Introduction


Simple and economical method
Saves time compared to hybridization
Provides new genetic variability
Improves yield and quality
Helps in rapid crop improvement
Useful for developing countries


7. Disadvantages of Plant Introduction


Risk of introducing new pests and diseases
Poor adaptability to new climate
Genetic erosion of local varieties
Ecological disturbances
Dependence on foreign germplasm


8. Examples of Successful Plant Introduction
Crop
Examples of Primary Plant Introduction (with Variety Names)


Wheat – ‘Sonora-64’
• Introduced from Mexico to India
• Directly released and cultivated during the Green Revolution
Wheat – ‘Lerma Rojo-64’
• Introduced from Mexico
• Grown directly without further breeding
Rice – ‘IR-8’
• Introduced from IRRI, Philippines
• Directly adopted in several regions
Groundnut – ‘Spanish bunch types’
• Introduced from Africa
• Cultivated directly for high yield

Maize – ‘Tuxpeno’
• Introduced from Central America
• Directly grown in tropical regions
Potato – ‘Kufri varieties (early introductions)’
• Introduced germplasm from South America


Examples of Secondary Plant Introduction (with Variety Names)

Wheat
Kalyan Sona
– Developed by crossing Sonora-64 (introduced from Mexico) with Indian varieties


Sonalika
– Derived from Lerma Rojo-64 (introduced) × local wheat

Rice
Jaya
– Developed using IR-8 (introduced from IRRI)

Padma
– Derived from introduced dwarf rice lines

Maize
Ganga-5
– Developed using introduced germplasm from CIMMYT

Cotton
H-4
– Developed using introduced American cotton lines


Sugarcane
Co-419
– Developed using introduced sugarcane germplasm



9. Conclusion


Plant introduction is a fundamental and powerful method of crop improvement. When properly planned and supported by quarantine and evaluation, it contributes significantly to agricultural development, food security, and genetic diversity. However, careful handling is essential to avoid ecological and biological risks.




PLANT INTRODUCTION – 50 MCQs WITH ANSWERS


1. Plant introduction refers to
A. Development of hybrids
B. Transfer of plant material from one region to another
C. Mutation breeding
D. Selection of local varieties
Answer: B


2. Plant introduction is considered the ______ method of crop improvement

A. Newest
B. Costliest
C. Oldest
D. Most complex
Answer: C

3. Introduced plant material is also called
A. Local germplasm
B. Exotic germplasm
C. Indigenous variety
D. Landrace
Answer: B

4. Primary plant introduction involves
A. Hybridization
B. Mutation
C. Direct release of introduced variety
D. Selection
Answer: C

5. Secondary plant introduction involves
A. Direct cultivation
B. Use in breeding programmes
C. Selection only
D. Mutation
Answer: B


6. Sonora-64 wheat is an example of
A. Secondary introduction
B. Primary introduction
C. Accidental introduction
D. Mutation breeding
Answer: B


7. Kalyan Sona wheat is an example of
A. Primary introduction
B. Secondary introduction
C. Accidental introduction
D. Pure line selection
Answer: B

8. Unintentional introduction of plants is called
A. Planned introduction
B. Primary introduction
C. Secondary introduction
D. Accidental introduction
Answer: D

9. Parthenium is an example of
A. Primary introduction
B. Secondary introduction
C. Accidental introduction
D. Planned introduction
Answer: C

10. Planned plant introduction is done based on
A. Chance
B. Specific objectives
C. Natural selection
D. Weed infestation
Answer: B

11. The first step in plant introduction is
A. Evaluation
B. Multiplication
C. Exploration and collection
D. Quarantine
Answer: C

12. Plant material for introduction may include
A. Seeds
B. Cuttings
C. Tubers
D. All of the above
Answer: D

13. The most important step to prevent pest entry is
A. Evaluation
B. Quarantine
C. Multiplication
D. Distribution
Answer: B

14. Plant quarantine is conducted at
A. Farmer’s field
B. Market
C. Quarantine stations
D. Seed stores
Answer: C


15. Quarantine prevents the introduction of
A. Fertilizers
B. Improved varieties
C. Pests and diseases
D. Nutrients
Answer: C

16. Evaluation of introduced plants is done to test
A. Yield
B. Adaptability
C. Disease resistance
D. All of the above
Answer: D

17. Multiplication ensures
A. Disease resistance
B. Large quantity of planting material
C. Hybrid seed production
D. Mutation
Answer: B

18. The final step of plant introduction is
A. Collection
B. Quarantine
C. Evaluation
D. Release and distribution
Answer: D


19. Plant introduction mainly helps in
A. Reducing variability
B. Increasing genetic diversity
C. Eliminating crops
D. Weed spread
Answer: B


20. Major advantage of plant introduction is
A. High cost
B. Time saving
C. Genetic erosion
D. Poor adaptability
Answer: B

21. Major disadvantage of plant introduction is
A. Increased yield
B. Pest and disease risk
C. Quality improvement
D. Genetic diversity
Answer: B

22. IR-8 rice variety was introduced from
A. CIMMYT
B. ICRISAT
C. IRRI
D. FAO
Answer: C

23. CIMMYT mainly works on
A. Rice
B. Wheat and maize
C. Pulses
D. Oilseeds
Answer: B

24. Potato was introduced from
A. Africa
B. Europe
C. South America
D. Australia
Answer: C

25. Accidental introductions are usually
A. Crops
B. Hybrids
C. Weeds
D. Improved varieties
Answer: C

26. Which crop was introduced from Mexico to India?
A. Rice
B. Wheat
C. Barley
D. Sorghum
Answer: B

27. Introduced varieties should be
A. Directly released
B. Properly evaluated
C. Ignored
D. Destroyed
Answer: B


28. Secondary introduction increases
A. Uniformity
B. Variability
C. Sterility
D. Weakness
Answer: B

29. Gene banks are important for
A. Storage of fertilizers
B. Conservation of germplasm
C. Seed marketing
D. Weed control
Answer: B

30. Green Revolution was mainly supported by
A. Mutation breeding
B. Plant introduction
C. Polyploidy
D. Selection
Answer: B

31. Exotic germplasm refers to
A. Local varieties
B. Introduced plant material
C. Wild weeds
D. Hybrids
Answer: B

32. Introduction of plants helps in
A. Food security
B. Starvation
C. Crop failure
D. Soil erosion
Answer: A


33. Evaluation is done after
A. Release
B. Distribution
C. Quarantine
D. Multiplication
Answer: C

34. Introduced germplasm used in breeding helps in
A. Reducing genes
B. Increasing genetic base
C. Eliminating diversity
D. Sterility
Answer: B


35. Water hyacinth is an example of
A. Planned introduction
B. Primary introduction
C. Accidental introduction
D. Secondary introduction
Answer: C


36. Primary introduction does NOT involve
A. Evaluation
B. Hybridization
C. Direct cultivation
D. Adaptation
Answer: B

37. Secondary introduction requires
A. No breeding
B. Hybridization
C. Direct release
D. No evaluation
Answer: B


38. Plant introduction is most suitable for
A. Developing countries
B. Desert regions only
C. Forest areas
D. Polar regions
Answer: A

39. The major source of introduced material is
A. Markets
B. Gene banks and research institutes
C. Farmers only
D. Forests
Answer: B


40. Evaluation trials are conducted to test
A. Yield stability
B. Adaptability
C. Resistance
D. All of the above
Answer: D

41. The major risk of introduction without quarantine is
A. High yield
B. Pest invasion
C. Genetic improvement
D. Uniformity
Answer: B

42. Introduced varieties are recommended after
A. Collection
B. Quarantine and evaluation
C. Transport
D. Storage
Answer: B

43. Which is NOT a type of plant introduction?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Accidental
D. Mutation
Answer: D


44. Plant introduction helps in replacing
A. Superior varieties
B. Inferior local varieties
C. Hybrids
D. Mutants
Answer: B


45. The success of plant introduction depends mainly on
A. Marketing
B. Climatic adaptability
C. Fertilizer use
D. Machinery
Answer: B


46. Introduced plants should be evaluated in
A. One location only
B. Multiple environments
C. Laboratory only
D. Greenhouse only
Answer: B

47. Which organization is related to rice improvement?
A. CIMMYT
B. IRRI
C. ICRISAT
D. ICAR
Answer: B

48. Secondary plant introduction results in
A. No improvement
B. Improved varieties
C. Weeds
D. Crop failure
Answer: B

49. Introduced germplasm widens
A. Genetic base
B. Uniformity
C. Sterility
D. Inbreeding
Answer: A


50. Plant introduction is a method of
A. Crop improvement
B. Weed control
C. Soil management
D. Irrigation
Answer: A






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