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Centres of Genetic Diversity


Centres of Genetic Diversity

Introduction

Centres of genetic diversity are geographical regions of the world where maximum genetic variation of plants or animals occurs . 

These regions contain wild relatives, primitive cultivars, landraces, and domesticated varieties of species.

 They play a crucial role in evolution, plant breeding, conservation of biodiversity, and food security.
The concept of centres of genetic diversity is closely associated with N. I. Vavilov, a Russian geneticist, who studied crop plants extensively and proposed that crop domestication occurred in specific regions showing high variability.

Definition

A centre of genetic diversity is a region where:
A species exhibits maximum genetic variability
Both wild and cultivated forms are present
Continuous natural selection and adaptation take place

Vavilov’s Concept of Centres of Origin

Vavilov (1926) proposed that:
Cultivated plants originated from definite geographical areas
These areas show greatest diversity of that crop Centres of origin are also centres of genetic diversity.

Initially, Vavilov identified 8 major centres, later expanded by other scientists.

Major Centres of Genetic Diversity (with examples)

1. Chinese Centre
Region: China
Crops: Rice, Soybean, Tea, Foxtail millet, Peach
One of the earliest agricultural centres


2. Indian (Indo-Malayan) Centre
Region: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar
Crops: Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton, Mango, Banana, Brinjal, Black pepper
Rich in tropical crop diversity

3. Central Asiatic Centre
Region: Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
Crops: Onion, Garlic, Carrot, Radish, Spinach
Known for vegetable crops

4. Near Eastern Centre

Region: Middle East (Iran, Iraq, Turkey)
Crops: Wheat, Barley, Rye, Pea, Lentil
Called the Fertile Crescent

5. Mediterranean Centre

Region: Mediterranean basin
Crops: Olive, Cabbage, Beetroot, Lettuce
Diversity of leafy vegetables

6. Abyssinian (Ethiopian) Centre

Region: Ethiopia
Crops: Coffee, Sorghum, Castor, Teff
High number of endemic species

7. Central American Centre

Region: Mexico and Central America
Crops: Maize, Beans, Cotton, Chilli, Squash
Centre of maize diversity

8. South American (Andean) Centre

Region: Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador
Crops: Potato, Tomato, Tobacco, Groundnut
Rich in tuber crops


Importance of Centres of Genetic Diversity
Source of valuable genes
Disease and pest resistance
Stress tolerance (drought, salinity)
Crop improvement
Essential for plant breeding
Development of high-yielding varieties
Evolutionary significance
Continuous natural selection
Origin of new varieties
Food security
Maintains genetic variability
Reduces risk of crop failure
Conservation of biodiversity
Protects wild relatives of crops
Threats to Genetic Diversity
Habitat destruction
Monoculture farming
Replacement of traditional varieties
Climate change
Overexploitation
Conservation of Genetic Diversity
In-situ Conservation
National parks
Biosphere reserves
Sacred groves
Ex-situ Conservation
Seed banks
Gene banks
Botanical gardens
Cryopreservation


Conclusion


Centres of genetic diversity are natural reservoirs of genetic resources. Their protection is essential for sustainable agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and future crop improvement. Vavilov’s concept remains fundamental in modern genetics and conservation biology.
____________________________________________

Centres of Genetic Diversity (also known as Vavilovian Centres) 

​1. Introduction

​The concept of Centres of Genetic Diversity was pioneered by the Russian scientist Nikolai I. Vavilov in the 1920s. He proposed that the geographical region where a crop plant exhibits its maximum genetic variation is likely its Centre of Origin.

​Vavilov argued that plants were not domesticated randomly across the globe but originated in specific regions where their wild relatives and diverse genetic forms are still concentrated.

​2. Types of Centres of Diversity

​Genetic diversity is not uniform across all regions. Vavilov and later scientists distinguished three types of centres:

​A. Primary Centres of Diversity

  • ​Definition: The original home where the crop species first evolved and was domesticated.
  • ​Key Features:
    • ​Highest degree of genetic variation.
    • ​Presence of a large number of dominant genes.
    • ​Abundance of wild relatives and primitive forms.
    • ​Natural selection is the primary force of evolution here.
    • ​Usually found in uncultivated areas like mountains or river valleys.

​B. Secondary Centres of Diversity

  • ​Definition: Regions where a crop was introduced after its origin but underwent significant diversification due to crossing and selection.
  • ​Key Features:
    • ​High diversity, but less than the primary centre.
    • ​Presence of a large number of recessive genes.
    • ​High frequency of desirable agronomic traits due to artificial selection by humans.
    • ​Examples: Wheat originated in the Near East (Primary) but shows immense diversity in Ethiopia (Secondary).

​C. Microcentres

  • ​Definition: Small geographical areas within a larger centre that exhibit an unusually high concentration of genetic diversity.
  • ​Importance: These are critical "hotspots" for plant breeders to collect unique germplasm in a very small area.

​3. Vavilov’s Eight Main Centres of Origin

​Vavilov identified eight global regions as the primary sources of major cultivated plants:





Significance in Plant Breeding

​The study of these centres is vital for modern agriculture for several reasons:

  1. ​Source of New Genes: They provide a vast "gene pool" for breeders looking for resistance to diseases, pests, and environmental stress (drought/salinity).
  2. ​Germplasm Collection: Knowing where a crop originated allows scientists to organize expeditions to collect diverse samples for Gene Banks.
  3. ​Evolutionary Study: Helps in understanding how crops evolved from wild grass or weeds into high-yielding varieties.
  4. ​Avoiding Genetic Erosion: Modern agriculture uses uniform "monocultures." Protecting these centres prevents the permanent loss of ancient genetic variants.

​5. Limitations of Vavilov’s Theory

​While revolutionary, modern research has noted some gaps:

  • ​Origin vs. Diversity: Some crops have high diversity in areas where they did not originate (e.g., Maize in Mexico vs. diversity in South America).
  • ​Topography: Vavilov believed origins were mostly in mountains; however, many crops are now known to have originated in plains or coastal regions.
  • ​Dynamic Nature: Diversity is not static; it changes with human migration and climate change.

​6. Conclusion

​Centres of genetic diversity are the biological heritage of humanity. They act as a "natural insurance policy" for food security. As climate change threatens global agriculture, the genes found in these ancient centres—especially the wild relatives of our food crops—are the most valuable tools we have for developing the resilient crops of the future.




50 MCQs: Centres of Genetic Diversity

1. The term “centre of genetic diversity” was proposed by

A. Mendel

B. Darwin

C. N. I. Vavilov

D. Morgan

Answer: C

2. Centres of genetic diversity show

A. Minimum variation

B. Maximum genetic variation

C. No evolution

D. Only hybrids

Answer: B

3. Vavilov was a

A. American geneticist

B. German botanist

C. Russian geneticist

D. British biologist

Answer: C

4. The Fertile Crescent refers to

A. Indian centre

B. Mediterranean centre

C. Near Eastern centre

D. Chinese centre

Answer: C

5. Wheat originated from

A. Indian centre

B. Near Eastern centre

C. Chinese centre

D. Central American centre

Answer: B

6. Rice has its centre of diversity in

A. Indian centre

B. Chinese centre

C. Mediterranean centre

D. Abyssinian centre

Answer: B

7. Maize belongs to

A. South American centre

B. Central American centre

C. Indian centre

D. Chinese centre

Answer: B

8. Potato originated from

A. Central Asiatic centre

B. Mediterranean centre

C. South American (Andean) centre

D. Indian centre

Answer: C

9. Coffee originated in

A. Indian centre

B. Abyssinian centre

C. Chinese centre

D. Mediterranean centre

Answer: B

10. Soybean belongs to

A. Indian centre

B. Central Asiatic centre

C. Chinese centre

D. Mediterranean centre

Answer: C

11. Onion and garlic originated from

A. Indian centre

B. Central Asiatic centre

C. Abyssinian centre

D. Mediterranean centre

Answer: B

12. Olive belongs to

A. Mediterranean centre

B. Indian centre

C. Chinese centre

D. Abyssinian centre

Answer: A

13. Sugarcane belongs to

A. Chinese centre

B. Indian centre

C. Near Eastern centre

D. Central Asiatic centre

Answer: B

14. Brinjal originated in

A. Indian centre

B. Mediterranean centre

C. Abyssinian centre

D. Central American centre

Answer: A

15. Sorghum originated from

A. Indian centre

B. Abyssinian centre

C. Chinese centre

D. Mediterranean centre

Answer: B

16. Which centre is rich in leafy vegetables?

A. Chinese

B. Indian

C. Mediterranean

D. Central American

Answer: C

17. Banana belongs to

A. Central Asiatic centre

B. Indian centre

C. Mediterranean centre

D. Near Eastern centre

Answer: B

18. Tomato originated from

A. Indian centre

B. Chinese centre

C. South American centre

D. Near Eastern centre

Answer: C

19. Castor belongs to

A. Mediterranean centre

B. Abyssinian centre

C. Indian centre

D. Central American centre

Answer: B

20. Pea and lentil originated from

A. Indian centre

B. Near Eastern centre

C. Chinese centre

D. Abyssinian centre

Answer: B

21. Cabbage belongs to

A. Chinese centre

B. Indian centre

C. Mediterranean centre

D. Central Asiatic centre

Answer: C

22. Mango originated in

A. Indian centre

B. Chinese centre

C. Mediterranean centre

D. Central American centre

Answer: A

23. Chilli belongs to

A. Indian centre

B. Central American centre

C. Near Eastern centre

D. Mediterranean centre

Answer: B

24. Groundnut originated from

A. Indian centre

B. Chinese centre

C. South American centre

D. Mediterranean centre

Answer: C

25. Cotton (Old World) belongs to

A. Central American centre

B. Indian centre

C. Mediterranean centre

D. Chinese centre

Answer: B

26. Carrot belongs to

A. Central Asiatic centre

B. Indian centre

C. Mediterranean centre

D. Chinese centre

Answer: A

27. Tea originated in

A. Indian centre

B. Chinese centre

C. Abyssinian centre

D. Mediterranean centre

Answer: B

28. Which centre has maximum spice diversity?

A. Mediterranean

B. Indian

C. Chinese

D. Abyssinian

Answer: B

29. Lettuce belongs to

A. Indian centre

B. Mediterranean centre

C. Central Asiatic centre

D. Chinese centre

Answer: B

30. The Andean centre is located in

A. Africa

B. Asia

C. Europe

D. South America

Answer: D

31. Genetic diversity is important because it

A. Reduces evolution

B. Increases vulnerability

C. Helps crop improvement

D. Stops natural selection

Answer: C

32. Replacement of traditional crops leads to

A. Increased diversity

B. Genetic erosion

C. Speciation

D. Hybrid vigor

Answer: B

33. Conservation in natural habitat is called

A. Ex-situ

B. Cryopreservation

C. In-situ

D. Seed banking

Answer: C

34. Seed banks are examples of

A. In-situ conservation

B. Ex-situ conservation

C. Natural conservation

D. Sacred conservation

Answer: B

35. Which is NOT a centre of genetic diversity?

A. Chinese

B. Indian

C. Arctic

D. Mediterranean

Answer: C

36. Centres of diversity contain

A. Only wild species

B. Only cultivated species

C. Wild and cultivated forms

D. Only hybrids

Answer: C

37. Spinach belongs to

A. Indian centre

B. Central Asiatic centre

C. Chinese centre

D. Mediterranean centre

Answer: B

38. Rye originated from

A. Indian centre

B. Near Eastern centre

C. Central American centre

D. Chinese centre

Answer: B

39. Teff belongs to

A. Indian centre

B. Abyssinian centre

C. Mediterranean centre

D. Chinese centre

Answer: B

40. The Indian centre is also known as

A. Hindustan centre

B. Andean centre

C. Fertile Crescent

D. Abyssinian centre

Answer: A

41. Genetic diversity helps plants resist

A. Fertilizers

B. Diseases and pests

C. Photosynthesis

D. Respiration

Answer: B

42. Biosphere reserves are examples of

A. Ex-situ conservation

B. In-situ conservation

C. Artificial conservation

D. Laboratory conservation

Answer: B

43. Which crop belongs to Central America?

A. Wheat

B. Rice

C. Maize

D. Coffee

Answer: C

44. The Mediterranean centre is located mainly in

A. Africa

B. Asia

C. Europe

D. Australia

Answer: C

45. Genetic erosion refers to

A. Increase in genes

B. Loss of genetic diversity

C. Hybrid formation

D. Mutation

Answer: B

46. Crop wild relatives are important because they

A. Reduce yield

B. Have useful genes

C. Are weeds

D. Stop evolution

Answer: B

47. Barley originated from

A. Indian centre

B. Near Eastern centre

C. Mediterranean centre

D. Chinese centre

Answer: B

48. Which is a tuber crop centre?

A. Chinese

B. Indian

C. Andean

D. Mediterranean

Answer: C

49. Black pepper belongs to

A. Mediterranean centre

B. Indian centre

C. Chinese centre

D. Central Asiatic centre

Answer: B

50. Protection of centres of genetic diversity is important for

A. Urbanization

B. Sustainable agriculture

C. Industrialization

D. Monoculture

Answer: B


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Junior Instructor (Arithmetic-cum-Drawing) (SR) - Industrial Training Date of Test: 10.10.2017 1. Who among the following brought out a journal called “Srimati” for promoting the cause of women’s rights ? (A) Arya Pallam (B) Lalitha Prabhu (C) Lalithambika Antharjanam (D) Anna Chandi Answer: Anna Chandi 2. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana is meant for __ . (A) Urban Development (B) Housing (C) Pension (D) Skill Development Answer: Skill Development 3. World No Tobacco Day is on __ (A) May 29 (B) May 30 (C) May 31 (D) June 1   Answer: May 31 4. In which year Mr. Madhavan was elected to the SreeMoolam PrajaSabha, a legislative council of Travancore ?   (A) 1915 (B) 1918 (C) 1923 (D) 1926 Answer: 1918 5. The renowned social and educational activist George Kurian is recently appointed as __ (A) Chairman of National Commission for Women (B) Vice-Chairman of National Commission for Minorities (C) Chairman of National Commission for Child Welfare (D) Chairman of National Commissio...
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