Notethepoint 43official Previous Question Paper Updates2.0

MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CONCEPTUAL NOTES) 1. Introduction Measures of dispersion show how spread out or scattered the data are. While the mean, median, and mode tell us about the central value, dispersion tells us how far the data are from the center. Two datasets can have the same mean but different spreads, so dispersion helps us understand variability or consistency. Common measures: Range Quartile Deviation (Q.D.) Mean Deviation (M.D.) Standard Deviation (S.D.) Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) 2. Range Definition: The range is the difference between the largest and smallest values in the data. Purpose: Gives a quick idea of how spread out the data is. Advantages: Very simple and easy to calculate. Disadvantages: Uses only two values, ignoring the rest of the data. Very sensitive to extreme values or outliers. 3 . Quartile Deviation (Q.D.) Definition: Quartile deviation measures the spread of the middle 50% of the data. It focuses on the central part of the dataset, ignoring extreme ...

COLLECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND TABULATION OF DATA DIAGRAMMATIC AND GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA INTRODUCTION Statistics deals with the collection, classification, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. Raw data in its original form is difficult to understand. Therefore, it must be systematically collected, classified, tabulated and presented through diagrams and graphs for better understanding and decision-making. 1. COLLECTION OF DATA Collection of data refers to the process of gathering information for a specific purpose. Objectives of Data Collection To obtain relevant and reliable information To facilitate analysis and interpretation To help in decision-making and planning Types of Data (a) Primary Data Primary data are collected by the investigator for the first time. Methods of collecting primary data: Direct Personal Investigation – Investigator personally collects data Indirect Oral Investigation – Data collected through witnesses Questionnaire Method – ...

PESTICIDES Introduction Pesticides are chemical, biological, or physical agents used to prevent, destroy, repel, or control pests that damage crops, stored food, human health, and livestock. Pests include insects, weeds, fungi, rodents, nematodes, and microorganisms. The use of pesticides has significantly increased agricultural productivity and helped control vector-borne diseases. However, indiscriminate use has resulted in environmental pollution and health hazards. Need for Pesticides To protect crops from pests and diseases To increase agricultural yield and food security To reduce post-harvest losses To control disease vectors such as mosquitoes To improve quality and market value of crops Classification of Pesticides 1. Based on Target Organism a) Insecticides Used to control insect pests. Examples: DDT – controls mosquitoes Malathion – used against flies and lice Carbaryl – controls chewing insects b) Herbicides (Weedicides) Used to kill unwanted plants. Examples: 2,4-D – contr...

Mutation Breeding Definition Mutation breeding is a plant breeding method in which heritable genetic changes (mutations) are artificially induced using physical or chemical mutagens to develop new and improved plant varieties with desirable traits such as higher yield, disease resistance, early maturity, or improved quality. History Mutations were first scientifically explained by Hugo de Vries (1901). The practical use of mutations in plant breeding began after the discovery of X-rays by H.J. Muller (1927). The first mutant variety developed was ‘Chlorina’ tobacco. FAO and IAEA have promoted mutation breeding worldwide. Principle of Mutation Breeding Mutagens cause changes in DNA sequences. These changes may alter gene function or expression. Beneficial mutations are selected and stabilized through generations. Mutation breeding does not involve hybridization. Types of Mutations Used Gene (Point) Mutations – Change in a single gene Chromosomal Mutations – Structural changes (deletions...

SAMPLING METHODS AND SAMPLING ERRORS 1. Meaning of Sampling Sampling is the process of selecting a representative subset (sample) from a larger population to draw conclusions about the entire population. It is used when studying the whole population is time-consuming, costly, or impractical. 2. Objectives of Sampling To save time and cost To obtain accurate and reliable results To enable detailed investigation To make research feasible and manageable 3. Sampling Methods Sampling methods are broadly classified into: A. Probability Sampling Methods Each unit in the population has a known and equal chance of selection. 1. Simple Random Sampling Every unit has an equal chance of selection Selection through lottery method or random numbers Merits : Free from bias Easy to understand Demerits : Not suitable for large populations Requires complete population list Example: Selecting 50 students randomly from a class list. 2. Stratified Sampling Population divided into homogeneous groups (strata...

 Flower Beds – 20 Mark Detailed Notes (Horticulture / Floriculture) Introduction A flower bed is a well-prepared area of soil where flowering plants are grown in a planned manner to enhance the beauty of gardens, landscapes, parks, and institutions. Flower beds play a vital role in ornamental horticulture and landscape gardening by providing colour, form, texture, and seasonal interest. Objectives of Flower Beds To improve aesthetic value of gardens and landscapes To display ornamental flowering plants effectively To provide seasonal colour combinations To create symmetry, balance, and harmony in garden design To serve educational and recreational purposes Types of Flower Beds 1. Formal Flower Beds Designed in geometrical shapes such as square, rectangle, circle, or oval Arranged symmetrically Plants of uniform height and colour are used Common in public gardens, campuses, and institutional gardens 2. Informal Flower Beds Irregular shapes with natural appearance Lack of strict symm...

Preservation, Utilization and Exchange of Germplasm Introduction Germplasm refers to the total genetic resources of plants, animals, or microorganisms that are of actual or potential value for breeding, conservation, and research.  In plant breeding, germplasm includes landraces, wild relatives, obsolete cultivars, advanced breeding lines, and modern varieties. Effective preservation, utilization, and exchange of germplasm are essential for food security, crop improvement, and sustainable agriculture. I. Preservation (Conservation) of Germplasm Preservation of germplasm ensures the long-term availability of genetic diversity and prevents genetic erosion. 1. Need for Germplasm Preservation Loss of traditional varieties due to modernization Climate change and environmental stress Replacement of landraces by high-yielding varieties Natural disasters, pests, and diseases Future breeding and research requirements 2. Methods of Germplasm Preservation A. In situ Conservation Conservation ...

First Semester M.Sc. Botany -Internal Examination Feb 2024 Plant breeding, horticulture & Biostatistics I Answer the following questions . 1.What do you mean by microcenters? 2. What are biofertilizers? 3. What is acclimatization? 4. Differentiate heterosis and hetrobeltiosis 5. What is null hypothesis? 6. What is ANOVA 7.What is arboriculture 8. Expand NBPGR 9. Name the most potent chemical mutagen 10. What do you mean by male sterility? How is it attained in plant breeding method (10*1= 10) II Answer the following in not more than 50 words 11. a. Explain hybridization and mention its procedure. OR b. Different types of sampling methods. 129. a. Brief account on indoor gardens. OR 13b. What is seed certification? How is it done? 10. a. What is topiary? Give examples. Differentiate OR b. What is seed propagation? correlation & Regression.  14. a. Write short notes on the concept of the centers of origin proposed Vavilov b. What is landscaping? OR 12. a. Write notes on cutta...

Third Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, March 2022 Botany BO 231 - PLANT BREEDING, HORTICULTURE AND BIOSTATISTICS   (2019 Admission Onwards) Time: 3 Hours 1. Answer the following questions. 1.What is inbreeding depression? 2.What is plant domestication? 3.What is emasculation? What is it done to? What is plant introduction? 5.What are bio-fertilizers? 6.Describe vermicomposting. 7.What is arboriculture? 8.What is null hypothesis? Give one example. 9.What is quartile deviation? 10. Differentiate between qualitative data and quantitative data. (10 × 1 = 10 Marks) 11.Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words. 11. (a) Comment on male sterility and its significance in plant breeding. OR (b) What is the main contribution of Nikolai Vavilov to plant breeding?  12. (a) What is acclimatization? Comment on the importance of acclimatization in plant introduction. OR (b) Comment on plant breeder's rights act. 13. (a) Explain the construction and uses of green houses. (b) W...

Third Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, January 2023 Botany BO 231 PLANT BREEDING, HORTICULTURE AND BIOSTATISTICS Time: Three Hours (2019 Admission Onwards) I. Answer the following questions. 1.What is green super rice? 2.What are the functions of ICAR-NBPGR? 3.Give the importance of floral biology in plant breeding. 4.How do you develop a synthetic variety? 5.Where can you find gene-for-gene relationships? 6.Describe the significance of biodiversity policy. 7.What is Olericulture? 8.Describe the advantages of in door garden. 9.What is Students's t-test? 10. Explain Ogive graph. (10 × 1 = 10 Marks) 11.Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words . 11. (a) Explain hybridization and mention it's procedure. OR (b) Write short notes on the concept of centers of origin proposed by Vavilov. 12. (a) Describe cytoplasmic male sterility and its uses. OR (b) Explain the role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. 13. (a) What is seed certification? How is it done? ...

Third Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, February 2024                 Botany BO 231: PLANT BREEDING, HORTICULTURE AND BIOSTATISTICS (2019 Admission onwards) Time: 3 Hours I.Answer the following questions. 1.What is atomic gardening? 2.Name the cardamom research institute in Kerala. 3.Explain advantages of distant hybridisation. 4.Describe plant variety rights. 5.Write short notes on arboriculture. 6.What is vermicomposting? 7.Give short notes on cut flower industry. 8.What is ANOVA? 9.Describe the properties of binomial distribution. 10. Explain the use of LSD. Max. Marks: 75 (10 x 1 = 10 Marks) II.Answer the following questions in not more that 50 words. 11. (a) What do you mean by genetic modification techniques? OR (b) What is center of diversity of a species? 12. (a) Compare auto and allopolyploidy. OR (b) What are requirements of back cross breeding? 13. (a) Describe ideotype breeding and its significance. OR (b) What is the role of seed cer...

Third Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, March 2025     Botany BO 231: PLANT BREEDING, HORTICULTURE AND BIOSTATISTICS Time: 3 Hours (2019 Admission Onwards) 1.Answer the following questions. 1.Give two examples of primary introductions of wheat in India. 2.Define ideotype breeding. 3.Comment on Triticale. 4.Name the crop research institute for spices in Kerala. Where is it located? 5.Define pruning. Mention its types. 6.Name any two major cut flowers in world trade. 7.Where is the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden located? 8.What is a histogram? 9. Distinguish between sampling errors and non-sampling errors. 10. What is meant by a normal distribution? (10 × 1 = 10 Marks) II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words. 11. (a) Differentiate between genetic and cytoplasmic male sterility.                 OR (b) Mention the different steps in plant introduction. What do you meant by 'EC 'IC' and '1W? 12. (a) ...

Primary, secondary and microcenters . Introduction The availability and utilization of genetic variability is the backbone of plant breeding. The concept of centers of origin and diversity of crop plants was proposed by the eminent Russian scientist N. I. Vavilov (1926). According to him, crop plants show maximum genetic diversity in specific geographical regions, known as centers of origin. These centers are classified into primary centers, secondary centers, and microcenters based on the extent and location of genetic diversity. Understanding these centers is crucial for germplasm collection, conservation, and crop improvement. 1. Primary Centers of Origin Definition Primary centers of origin are geographical regions where a crop plant originated and was first domesticated, and where it shows maximum genetic diversity along with the presence of wild relatives and primitive cultivars. Characteristics Highest degree of genetic variability Presence of wild ancestors, landraces, and weed...