Skip to main content

Fourth Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, September 2019BotanyBO 241: BIOINFORMATICS(2013 Admission onwards)

Reg. No.......
Name:........
G-5262
Fourth Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, September 2019
Botany
BO 241: BIOINFORMATICS
(2013 Admission onwards)

Time: 3 Hours

I. Answer the following questions:
1. Contiguous sequences
2.Protein Motif
3.INDEL
4. DOTPLOT
5. J PRED
6. Phylogram
7.EST
8. Query sequence
9. TIGR
10. CLUSTAL


(10 x 1 = 10 Marks)

II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words:

11. (a) Describe protein atlas and its significance in the development of bioinformatics.
OR
(b) Contribution of Frederick Sanger in advancement of proteomics.

12. (a) Describe Entrez with its significance.
OR
(b) Describe the advantages of EST search in gene sequencing programme.

13. (a) What are the salient features of UniProt KB (SWISSPROT).
OR
(b) Describe the features GenBank.


14. (a) Describe the concept of evolutionary tree.
OR
(b) Describe RasMol.


15. (a) Significance of BioPerl software in Human Genome project
OR
(b) Describe boutique databases.
(5 x 2 = 10 Marks)


III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
16. (a) Describe the major DNA databases.
OR
(b) Describe the major protein databases.

17. (a) Describe the concept of molecular docking.
OR
(b) Describe the relevance of mass spectrometry in proteomics.

18. (a) What is the relevance of metabolomics?
OR
(b) Describe functional genomics with its application.

19. (a) Describe homology modeling with its significance.
OR
(b) Describe SNPs with its role in bioinformatics.

20. (a) Describe protein secondary structure database.
OR
(b) Describe how CADD is important in pharmaceutics

21. (a) Explain genome annotation.
OR
(b) Explain the role of DNA microarray in genomics.

22. (a) Describe BLAST algorithm used in alignment.
OR
(b) Briefly describe the contribution of Craig Venter in genomics.

(7 x 5= 35 Marks)

IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.

23. (a) Describe comparative genomics with its application in phylogeny.
OR
(b) Enumerate the role of pharmacogenomics in healthcare.

24. (a) Describe the methods and tools used in protein structure prediction.
OR
(b) Describe the milestones and achievements of human genome project.
(2 x 10 = 20 Marks)

Comments

Popular Posts

Exploitation of Somaclonal and Gametoclonal Variations for Plant Improvement

Exploitation of Somaclonal and Gametoclonal Variations for Plant Improvement  1. Introduction Plant tissue culture often induces genetic and epigenetic variations among regenerated plants. These variations, when stable and heritable, can be exploited as a source of novel traits for crop improvement. Somaclonal variation: Variation arising in plants regenerated from somatic cells cultured in vitro. Gametoclonal variation: Variation arising in plants regenerated from gametic cells (anther, pollen, ovule culture). Both provide additional genetic variability beyond conventional breeding. 2. Somaclonal Variation 2.1 Definition Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variation observed among plants regenerated from somatic tissue cultures, such as callus, suspension cultures, or explants. Term coined by Larkin and Scowcroft (1981). 2.2 Sources of Somaclonal Variation Chromosomal changes Aneuploidy Polyploidy Chromosome rearrangements Gene mutations Point mutations Insertions and deletions...

Biological Databases – Types of Data and DatabasesNucleotide Sequence Databases (EMBL, GenBank, DDBJ)

Biological Databases – Types of Data and Databases Nucleotide Sequence Databases (EMBL, GenBank, DDBJ) 1. Introduction Biological databases are systematic, computerized collections of biological information that allow efficient storage, retrieval, updating, and analysis of large volumes of biological data. With the advent of genome sequencing, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, biological databases have become essential tools in biological research. These databases support studies in genomics, proteomics, evolutionary biology, taxonomy, medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. 2. Types of Data Stored in Biological Databases Biological databases store diverse types of biological information, including: 1. Sequence Data DNA sequences RNA sequences Protein sequences 2. Structural Data Three-dimensional structures of proteins Nucleic acid structures 3. Functional Data Gene functions Enzyme activity Regulatory elements 4. Genomic Annotation Data Gene location Exons, introns Promoters a...

protoplast fusion

Protoplast Fusion – Detailed Notes 1. Definition Protoplast fusion is a technique in which two or more protoplasts (cells without cell walls) are fused to form a single hybrid cell. It is widely used in plant biotechnology for hybridization, gene transfer, and somatic hybrid production. Also called somatic hybridization or somatic cell fusion. 2. Principle Cell wall removal: Plant cells are treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes (cellulase, pectinase) to generate protoplasts. Fusion of protoplasts: The naked cells are induced to fuse physically or chemically. Hybrid cell formation: Nuclei from different protoplasts combine to form a heterokaryon. Regeneration: The hybrid cell regenerates a new cell wall and divides, eventually forming a somatic hybrid plant. Key Concept: Protoplast fusion bypasses sexual incompatibility barriers, allowing hybridization between distant species or genera. 3. Steps in Protoplast Fusion Step 1: Isolation of Protoplasts Plant tissues (leaves, callus, cell...

RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)

RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ) Introduction RFLP is one of the earliest DNA-based molecular marker techniques. It detects variation in DNA sequences between individuals, caused by mutations, insertions, deletions, or restriction enzyme recognition site changes. First developed in late 1970s–1980s. Used extensively in genetic mapping, DNA fingerprinting, and gene detection. It is co-dominant, locus-specific, and highly reproducible. Principle RFLP is based on the fact that DNA from different individuals may differ in the presence or absence of restriction enzyme recognition sites, leading to different fragment sizes after digestion. Key idea: DNA → Restriction enzyme digestion → Fragments → Gel separation → Detection using labeled probe → Polymorphism analysis Materials Required Genomic DNA from the organism Restriction enzymes (e.g., EcoRI, HindIII) Agarose or polyacrylamide gel Nylon or nitrocellulose membrane Radioactive or non-radioactive DNA probe Autoradiography ...

❥ Southern Blotting Notes

Southern Blotting  ❥ 𓆞❥ 𓆞❥ 𓆞❥ 𓆞❥ 𓆞❥ 𓆞❥ 𓆞❥ 𓆞❥ 𓆞❥  Introduction Southern blotting is a molecular biology technique used for the detection of specific DNA sequences in a complex mixture of DNA. It was developed by Edwin M. Southern in 1975. The method involves restriction digestion of DNA, separation by gel electrophoresis, transfer (blotting) onto a membrane, and hybridization with a labeled DNA probe. Principle of Southern Blotting The technique is based on the principle of complementary base pairing. A single-stranded labeled DNA probe hybridizes specifically with its complementary DNA sequence immobilized on a membrane. Detection of the label confirms the presence and size of the target DNA fragment. Steps Involved in Southern Blotting. 1. Isolation of DNA Genomic DNA is extracted from cells or tissues. DNA must be pure and intact to ensure accurate results. 2. Restriction Enzyme  Digestion DNA is digested using specific restriction endonucleases. Produces DNA f...

Protein Structure Database (PDB)

Protein Structure Database (PDB) Introduction The Protein Structure Database (PDB) is the primary global repository for the three-dimensional (3D) structures of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and protein–ligand complexes. These structures are determined experimentally using techniques like X-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM). PDB plays a vital role in understanding: Protein structure and function Molecular interactions Drug discovery and design Structural biology and bioinformatics History and Development Established in 1971 Founded by Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA) Initially contained only 7 protein structures Now maintained by the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) Members of wwPDB RCSB PDB (USA) PDBe (Europe) PDBj (Japan) BMRB (Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank) Objectives of PDB To collect, store, and distribute 3D structural data of biomolecules To provide free and ope...

❃HPLC – High Performance Liquid Chromatography

HPLC – High Performance Liquid Chromatography ┏━━━━━ •❃°•°❀°•°❃•━━━━•━━━┓  1. Introduction High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an advanced analytical technique used for the separation, identification, and quantification of components present in a mixture. It is based on the differential distribution of analytes between a stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase under high pressure. HPLC is widely used in biochemistry, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, food analysis, environmental studies, and clinical diagnostics. 2. Principle of HPLC The principle of HPLC is based on partition, adsorption, ion-exchange, or size-exclusion mechanisms, depending on the type of column used. A liquid mobile phase is pumped at high pressure through a column packed with fine stationary phase particles Sample components interact differently with the stationary phase Components with stronger interaction elute slower Components with weaker interaction elute faster Separated components are detec...

Micropropagation for Large-Scale Production of Medicinal Plants, Tree Species and Ornamentals –

Micropropagation for Large-Scale Production of Medicinal Plants, Tree Species and Ornamentals –  1. Introduction Micropropagation is an in-vitro clonal propagation technique used for rapid multiplication of plants under aseptic and controlled laboratory conditions. It enables the production of a large number of genetically uniform, disease-free plants from a small amount of starting material (explant). This technique is especially important for medicinal plants, forest tree species and ornamental plants, where conventional propagation is slow, seasonal or inefficient. 2. Principle of Micropropagation Micropropagation is based on totipotency, the inherent ability of a single plant cell to regenerate into a complete plant when provided with: Suitable nutrient medium Proper plant growth regulators Controlled light, temperature and humidity Sterile conditions. 3. Stages of Micropropagation Micropropagation generally involves five stages : Stage I – Selection and Sterilization of Expla...

••CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE - FRITSCH

      MODULE -1       PHYCOLOGY  CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE - FRITSCH  ❖F.E. Fritsch (1935, 1945) in his book“The Structure and  Reproduction of the Algae”proposed a system of classification of  algae. He treated algae giving rank of division and divided it into 11  classes. His classification of algae is mainly based upon characters of  pigments, flagella and reserve food material.     Classification of Fritsch was based on the following criteria o Pigmentation. o Types of flagella  o Assimilatory products  o Thallus structure  o Method of reproduction          Fritsch divided algae into the following 11 classes  1. Chlorophyceae  2. Xanthophyceae  3. Chrysophyceae  4. Bacillariophyceae  5. Cryptophyceae  6. Dinophyceae  7. Chloromonadineae  8. Euglenineae    9. Phaeophyceae  10. Rhodophyceae  11. Myxophyce...

✩ Colony Blotting

Colony Blotting – *ੈ✩‧₊˚༺☆༻*ੈ✩‧₊˚*ੈ✩‧₊˚༺☆༻*ੈ✩‧₊˚ Colony blotting (also called colony hybridization) is an important molecular biology technique used to screen and identify bacterial colonies that contain a specific DNA sequence or recombinant plasmid. It is widely applied in recombinant DNA technology for the identification of positive clones from a large population of transformants. The technique was first described by Grunstein and Hogness (1975). Colony blotting is based on the principle of nucleic acid hybridization, where a labeled DNA or RNA probe binds specifically to its complementary sequence present in the bacterial DNA immobilized on a membrane. Principle The principle of colony blotting involves: Transfer of bacterial colonies from an agar plate onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane. Lysis of cells directly on the membrane to release DNA. Denaturation of DNA to single strands and immobilization on the membrane. Hybridization of the immobilized DNA with a labeled probe com...