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Exploitation of Somaclonal and Gametoclonal Variations for Plant Improvement  1. Introduction Plant tissue culture often induces genetic and epigenetic variations among regenerated plants. These variations, when stable and heritable, can be exploited as a source of novel traits for crop improvement. Somaclonal variation: Variation arising in plants regenerated from somatic cells cultured in vitro. Gametoclonal variation: Variation arising in plants regenerated from gametic cells (anther, pollen, ovule culture). Both provide additional genetic variability beyond conventional breeding. 2. Somaclonal Variation 2.1 Definition Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variation observed among plants regenerated from somatic tissue cultures, such as callus, suspension cultures, or explants. Term coined by Larkin and Scowcroft (1981). 2.2 Sources of Somaclonal Variation Chromosomal changes Aneuploidy Polyploidy Chromosome rearrangements Gene mutations Point mutations Insertions and deletions...

RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) Introduction RAPD is a PCR-based molecular marker technique used to detect genetic variation at the DNA level. Developed by Williams et al., 1990. RAPD markers are dominant, randomly distributed, and do not require prior knowledge of DNA sequences. Commonly used in genetic diversity studies, plant breeding, population genetics, and phylogenetics. Principle RAPD relies on the amplification of random DNA segments using short arbitrary primers (usually 10 nucleotides). Polymorphism occurs due to: Presence or absence of primer binding sites Insertions or deletions in the DNA Point mutations in the primer sites Key idea : Random primers anneal to complementary sites → PCR amplification → Different band patterns between individuals → Polymorphism analysis Materials Required Genomic DNA Arbitrary oligonucleotide primers (10-mer) PCR reagents: Taq polymerase, dNTPs, buffer, Mg²⁺ Thermal cycler Agarose gel and electrophoresis equipment DNA staining dyes (...

Third Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, December 2025 Botany BO 531: PLANT BREEDING, HORTICULTURE AND BIOSTATISTICS (2024 Admission) Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75 Answer these questions in one or two sentences.  Each question carries 1 mark. 1. Who introduced maize in India? 2.Name an organization in India for plant introduction. 3.  What is BSI? 4.What is Super Rice? 5.Define somaticplastic sterility? 6.What is a chemical mutagen? Give example. 7.What is Arboriculture? 8.What is MAP in Horticulture? 9.Define probability. 10. What is LSD in Biostatistics? (10 × 1 = 10 Marks) II.Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words . 11] Comment on Primary plant introduction.                OR 12. What are microcenters? Explain. 13.Explain zygotic sterility. How can we overcome this in plant breeding?                          OR 14 Describe a green house and its uses. ...

Third Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, February 2024                 Botany BO 231: PLANT BREEDING, HORTICULTURE AND BIOSTATISTICS (2019 Admission onwards) Time: 3 Hours I.Answer the following questions. 1.What is atomic gardening? 2.Name the cardamom research institute in Kerala. 3.Explain advantages of distant hybridisation. 4.Describe plant variety rights. 5.Write short notes on arboriculture. 6.What is vermicomposting? 7.Give short notes on cut flower industry. 8.What is ANOVA? 9.Describe the properties of binomial distribution. 10. Explain the use of LSD. Max. Marks: 75 (10 x 1 = 10 Marks) II.Answer the following questions in not more that 50 words. 11. (a) What do you mean by genetic modification techniques? OR (b) What is center of diversity of a species? 12. (a) Compare auto and allopolyploidy. OR (b) What are requirements of back cross breeding? 13. (a) Describe ideotype breeding and its significance. OR (b) What is the role of seed cer...