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Molecular Marker Techniques (30-Mark Detailed Notes) Introduction Molecular markers are DNA sequences with known locations on chromosomes that can be used to identify individuals, genotypes, or genetic differences. They reveal polymorphism at the DNA level and are not influenced by environmental factors, unlike morphological or biochemical markers. Molecular marker techniques are widely used in genetics, plant breeding, biotechnology, forensics, medical diagnosis, and evolutionary studies. Characteristics of an Ideal Molecular Marker An ideal molecular marker should: Be highly polymorphic Show co-dominant inheritance Be abundant and uniformly distributed in the genome Be environment-independent Have high reproducibility Be easy, rapid, and cost-effective Classification of Molecular Marker    Techniques 1. Hybridization-Based Markers RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) 2. PCR-Based Markers RAPD AFLP SSR (Microsatellites) ISSR 3. Sequence-Based Markers SNP (Single Nu...