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Reg. No.:....... Name:......... J-4881 Fourth Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, May 2020 Botany BO 241 BIOINFORMATICS (2013 Admission Onwards) Max. Marks: 75 I. Answer the following questions. 1. What are Secondary biological databases? 2. What is a Locus? 3. State the importance of E-value in sequence alignment? 4. Write the expansion of PHYLIP. 5. Distinguish proteome and proteomics. 6. Describe optimal alignment. 7. Define clade in a phylogenetic tree. 8. What is PIR? 9. List out any two tool used for molecular docking. 10. Write the name of submission tool for NCBI. (10 x 1=10 Marks) II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words. 11. (a) Give a short note on GenBank format. OR (b) Write the difference between scaled and unscaled phylogenetic trees. 12. (a) What are the two classes of data of UniProt? OR (b) State the difference between Orthologous and Xenologous sequences 13. (a) Write a brief note on character based phylogenetic analysis. OR (b) What is the role of...

( 5474) Reg. No..... Name:.......... Fourth Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, March 2021 Botany Special Paper II--- -Elective BIOTECHNOLOGY (2019 Admission) Max. Marks: 75 Instructions: Draw diagrams and illustrate with examples wherever necessary. 1. Answer the following questions. 1. What is antisense technology? 2. EPSPS Pathway. 3. Ri Plasmid. 4. Binary vector. 5. Monoclonal antibody. 6. Vitrification. 7. Hardening of tissue culture raised plants. 8. Vertical resistance. 9. a-amylases. 10. Embryo rescue. (10 x 1 =10 Marks) 1 II. Answer all the following questions in not more than 50 words. 11. (a) Explain the strategies used in making a disarmed Ti plasmid. Or (b) What is a frame shift mutation? 12. (a) Explain the utility of adapters in gene cloning. Or  (b) What are marker genes? 13. (a) Explain pyrosequencing. OR (b) Differentiate between RFLP and RAPD. 14. (a) Explain the process of developing a gene knockout. OR (b) What is a cybrid? How is it used in plant breeding? 15. ...

Fourth Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, March 2021 Time: 3 Hours Botany BO 241: BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOPHYSICS (2019 Admission) 1. Answer the following questions. 1. Expand EMBL and DDBJ. 2. What do bootstrap values indicate? 3. What is multiple sequence alignment? 4. What is SNP? 5. Define transcriptome. 6. What is Smith Waterman algorithm? 7. Comment on Phylip. 8. What are the factors that determine the electrophoretic mobility of a particle? 9. Differentiate between resolution and resolving power of the microscope. 10. Which are the factors that determine the sedimentation of a component during centrifugation? (10 x 1= 10 Marks) II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words. 11. (a) What is the difference between rooted and unrooted phylogenetic tree? OR (b) What is ORF? What is its significance in functional genomics? 12. (a) Explain the use of GENSCAN. OR (b) Explain the assumptions in molecular clock hypothesis. 13. (a) Write a brief explanation on KEGG. OR (b) Co...

Reg. No.: Name: N-6273 Fourth Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, June 2022 Botany Special Paper II - Elective BO 242 a: BIOTECHNOLOGY Time: 3 Hours (2019 Admission Onwards) Max. Marks: 75 1. Instruction: Draw diagrams and illustrate with examples wherever necessary. Answer the following questions. 1. What are the desirable features of a cloning vehicle? 2. What is a palindrome? 3. What is the significance of Ori C site? 4. What is the actual function of restriction enzymes in a bacterial system?  5.Name any two bacteria and fungi used for alcohol fermentation. 6. What is a starter culture? 7. What are adapters? 8. What are probes? 9. What is biopiracy? 10. Define cybrids. (10 x 1 = 10 Marks) II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words .  11. (a) Why is callus culture a prerequisite for somaclonal variations? OR (b) How is virus elimination done via plant tissue culture? 12. (a) How is aeration maintained in a bioreactor? OR (b) What are the methods available f...

N-6278 Fourth Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, June 2022 Botany Special Paper II - Elective BO 242 a BIOTECHNOLOGY - (2013-2018 Admission) Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks 75 Give Illustrations wherever necessary. 1. Answer the following questions. 1. Define a calliclone. 2. Which fungi helps in fermentation? 3. How is hairy root culture induced in plants? 4. Name a microbe that produces organic acid. 5. What is the advantage of chromosome elimination technique? 6. Describe the significance of PIPS. 7. What is elicitation in plant tissue culture? 8. Describe the term bioconversion. 9. Which is the most successful chemical used for protoplast fusion? 10. Define cybridization. (10x1 =10 Marks) II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words . 11. (a) Give an account on signature tagged mutagenesis. OR (b) Write notes on cytoplasts and their importance? 12. (a) Give an account of gene theft. OR (b) Describe induced androgenesis and gynogenesis for haploid plant production. 13. (a) ...

Introduction to Bioinformatics: Definition and History of Bioinformatics Internet.  Computational Biology and Bioinformatics ﮩ٨ـﮩﮩ٨ـ♡ﮩ٨ـﮩﮩ٨ـﮩ٨ـﮩﮩ٨ـ♡ﮩ٨ـﮩﮩ٨ﮩ٨ـﮩﮩ٨ـ♡ﮩ٨ـﮩ Definition of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, mathematics, and statistics to collect, store, analyze, and interpret large volumes of biological data. It mainly deals with molecular biology data such as DNA, RNA, protein sequences, gene expression data, and biological networks. Bioinformatics helps in understanding biological processes at the molecular level using computational tools. It plays a crucial role in modern biological research, especially after the availability of whole genome sequences. According to NIH, “Bioinformatics is the application of computational tools to capture and interpret biological data.” History and Evolution of Bioinformatics Early Beginnings (Pre-1970) The roots of bioinformatics date back to the 1950s–1960s. In 1953, Wat...

Chromatic and membrane based bioseparation methods, immobilization of enzymes and cells and their application for bioconversion processes 1. Introduction Bioseparation techniques are essential steps in downstream processing for the recovery and purification of biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins, antibiotics and metabolites. Among these, chromatographic methods and membrane-based separation techniques are widely used. Immobilization of enzymes and cells further enhances the efficiency, stability and reusability of biocatalysts in bioconversion processes. 2. Chromatographic Bioseparation Methods 2.1 Principle of Chromatography Chromatography is a separation technique based on the differential distribution of components between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Components move at different rates depending on their interaction with the stationary phase. 2.2 Types of Chromatographic Methods a) Ion Exchange Chromatography Separation based on charge differences of biomolecules Uses c...

  Bioreactor designs for exploitation of microbial products, scaling-up and downstream processing ,  Bioreactor Designs for Exploitation of Microbial Products, Scaling-up and Downstream processing  1. Introduction A bioreactor is a large-scale, controlled vessel used for the cultivation of microorganisms, plant or animal cells to produce valuable products such as enzymes, antibiotics, organic acids, vaccines, biofuels and recombinant proteins. Proper bioreactor design ensures optimal growth conditions, maximum productivity, cost-effectiveness and product quality. 2. Basic Requirements of an Ideal Bioreactor An ideal bioreactor should provide: Sterility and aseptic conditions Efficient mixing of nutrients and cells Adequate oxygen transfer Temperature control pH control Foam control Easy sampling and monitoring Scalability and reproducibility 3. Types of Bioreactor Designs 3.1 Stirred Tank Bioreactor (STR) Most widely used bioreactor in industry Cylindrical vessel with imp...

Microbial Production, Purification and Bioprocess Applications of Industrial Enzymes and Organic Compounds 1. Introduction Industrial microbiology uses microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and yeast to produce enzymes and organic compounds of commercial value. These products are widely applied in food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, textiles, detergents and environmental biotechnology. Microbial processes are preferred because they are cost-effective, scalable, eco-friendly and highly specific. 2. Microbial Production of Industrial Enzymes Definition of Industrial Enzymes Industrial enzymes are biological catalysts produced by microorganisms and used to accelerate biochemical reactions under controlled conditions. Microorganisms Used Bacteria – Bacillus, Escherichia Fungi – Aspergillus, Penicillium Yeast – Saccharomyces Types of Industrial Enzymes Amylases Proteases Lipases Cellulases Pectinases Lactase Steps in Enzyme Production Selection of high-yielding strain Inoculum preparation ...

Bioprocess Technology for the Production of Cell Biomass and Primary & Secondary Metabolites 1. Introduction to Bioprocess Technology Bioprocess technology refers to the application of living organisms, cells, or their components to produce commercially valuable products under controlled conditions. It combines principles of microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, and chemical engineering. Bioprocess technology is widely used for the production of: Cell biomass Primary metabolites Secondary metabolites 2. Production of Cell Biomass Definition Cell biomass is the total mass of microbial or cultured cells produced during fermentation and harvested as the final product. Organisms Used Yeast Bacteria Fungi Algae Steps in Biomass Production Selection of suitable organism Fast growth Non-pathogenic nature Inoculum development Pure culture preparation Scale-up of culture Culture medium preparation Carbon source Nitrogen source Minerals and vitamins Fermentation process Batch, fed-batch or c...