Skip to main content

Fourth Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, January 2021.BotanySpecial Paper II - ElectiveBO 242 a - BIOTECHNOLOGY(2013 Admission Onwards)(Special Examination)

Reg. No.:
Name:
J-5602
Fourth Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination, January 2021.
Botany
Special Paper II - Elective
BO 242 a - BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2013 Admission Onwards)
(Special Examination)

Time: 3 Hours

1.Answer all questions:

1. What are expression vectors?
2.Expand and explain EcoRI.
3.What is indirect regeneration in tissue culture?
4.Differentiate between dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.
5.What is meant by site directed mutagenesis?
6.What are the fundamental abilities of plants that determine the success of plant tissue culture?
7. What is bioremediation?
8.Define gametoclonal variation.
9. What are bioinsecticides? What are the advantages of it?
10. What is the difference between batch and continuous fermentation?

(10 × 1 = 10 Marks)


II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words.

11. (a) Explain the need for hardening the tissue culture regenerated plantlets.
OR
(b) Describe lipofection.

12. (a) Write a brief note on micropropagation.
OR
(b) Explain how and for what, homopolymer tailing is used in genetic engineering.

13. (a) Write a brief note on Bt plants.
OR
(b) What are cosmids? Elaborate the general features and specific uses of it. 

14. (a) What is downstream processing? Mention the steps involved.
OR
(b) Differentiate between linkers and adaptors.

15. (a) Comment on the establishment and applications of hairy root culture.
OR
(b) Give examples for microbes used for the commercial production of enzymes.


(5 x 2 = 10 Marks)


III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

16. (a) Write a brief account on the techniques involved, and the advantages of immobilized cell technology for the production of various bioproducts.
OR
(b) Explain how bioreactors are used for the commercial production of
antibiotics.

17. (a) The idea of germline gene therapy is controversial. Explain.
OR
(b) Compare the solid state and submerged fermentation for the production of bioactive substances.

18. (a) Compare and contrast RFLP and AFLP.
OR
(b) How are Ti plasmids exploited to produce transgenic plants?

19. (a) Which are the commonly used vectorless methods of plant transformation?
OR
(b) What are molecular markers? Comment on the advantages of molecular markers.

20. (a) Compare and contrast between cointegrative vector and binary vector.
OR
(b) Write a brief note on Restriction endonucleases, their types.

21. (a) Explain on somatic hybridization and its application.
OR
(b) What are the key components in YAC; explain the role of each such component.

22. (a) Explain the technique used for the large scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Add a note on the uses of monoclonal antibodies.
OR
(b) What are probiotics? Give examples for probiotics. Explain their benefits.

(7x 5 = 35 Marks)

IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.

23. (a) Describe the different areas where genetically modified microorganisms, plants and animals are used, giving suitable examples.
OR
(b) What is PCR? Describe the procedure and applications of PCR.

24. (a) Briefly describe the procedure and applications of various blotting techniques used in biotechnology and molecular biology.
OR
(b) Explain the protocol for the isolation culture and fusion of plant protoplasts. Add a note on the applications of protoplast culture.

(2 x 10 = 20 Marks)


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular Posts

Protein Structure Database (PDB)

Protein Structure Database (PDB) Introduction The Protein Structure Database (PDB) is the primary global repository for the three-dimensional (3D) structures of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and protein–ligand complexes. These structures are determined experimentally using techniques like X-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM). PDB plays a vital role in understanding: Protein structure and function Molecular interactions Drug discovery and design Structural biology and bioinformatics History and Development Established in 1971 Founded by Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA) Initially contained only 7 protein structures Now maintained by the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) Members of wwPDB RCSB PDB (USA) PDBe (Europe) PDBj (Japan) BMRB (Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank) Objectives of PDB To collect, store, and distribute 3D structural data of biomolecules To provide free and ope...
Post a Comment
Read more

Electroporation – Detailed Notes

Electroporation – Detailed Notes Definition : Electroporation is a physical method of gene transfer in which cells are exposed to a brief, high-voltage electric pulse, creating temporary pores in the cell membrane. This allows DNA, RNA, proteins, or other molecules to enter the cytoplasm. It is widely used in bacteria, yeast, plant protoplasts, and mammalian cells. Key Concept: The electric field destabilizes the membrane, making it permeable to macromolecules. 1. Principle Cells are suspended in a conductive medium. A brief electrical pulse induces transient pores in the plasma membrane. DNA or other molecules present in the medium enter the cell through these pores. Membrane reseals after the pulse, and the molecule is retained inside the cell. Advantages of Principle: Direct and rapid. Works in many cell types. Does not require chemical carriers or viral vectors. 2. Materials Required Cells – bacterial, yeast, plant protoplasts, mammalian cells. DNA/RNA/other macromolecule – purifie...
Post a Comment
Read more

Information retrieval from databases - search concepts, Tools for searching, homology searching, finding Domain and Functional site homologies

Information retrieval from databases - search concepts, Tools for searching, homology searching, finding Domain and Functional site homologies Information Retrieval from Databases 1. Introduction Information retrieval in bioinformatics refers to the process of extracting relevant biological data (DNA, RNA, protein sequences, structures, or functional information) from databases. Aim : Identify sequences, functions, or structural features for analysis, comparison, and annotation. Databases can be primary (raw sequence data) or secondary/derived (annotated, processed data). 2. Search Concepts in Biological Databases 2.1 Types of Searches Exact Match Search Returns results only if the query exactly matches database entries. Useful for known accession numbers or IDs. Pattern/Keyword Search Searches based on specific motifs, keywords, or annotations. Example: “kinase domain,” “signal peptide.” Similarity/Homology Search Detects sequences similar to the query based on sequence alignment. Use...
Post a Comment
Read more

π“†ž Western Blotting Notes

Western Blotting (Immunoblotting) ❥ π“†ž❥ π“†ž❥ π“†ž❥ π“†ž❥ π“†ž❥ π“†ž❥ π“†ž❥ π“†ž❥ π“†ž❥  Introduction Western blotting, also known as immunoblotting, is a widely used analytical technique for the detection, identification, and quantification of specific proteins in a complex biological sample. The technique combines protein separation by gel electrophoresis with specific antigen–antibody interaction. The method was developed by Towbin et al. (1979) (Burnette 1981---its group work) and is called “Western” in analogy to Southern blotting (DNA) and Northern blotting (RNA). Principle The principle of Western blotting involves: Separation of proteins based on molecular weight using SDS-PAGE Transfer (blotting) of separated proteins onto a membrane Specific detection of the target protein using primary and secondary antibodies Visualization using enzymatic or fluorescent detection systems πŸ‘‰ Antigen–antibody specificity is the core principle of Western blotting. Steps Involved in Western Blotting 1. Sa...
Post a Comment
Read more

••CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE - FRITSCH

      MODULE -1       PHYCOLOGY  CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE - FRITSCH  ❖F.E. Fritsch (1935, 1945) in his book“The Structure and  Reproduction of the Algae”proposed a system of classification of  algae. He treated algae giving rank of division and divided it into 11  classes. His classification of algae is mainly based upon characters of  pigments, flagella and reserve food material.     Classification of Fritsch was based on the following criteria o Pigmentation. o Types of flagella  o Assimilatory products  o Thallus structure  o Method of reproduction          Fritsch divided algae into the following 11 classes  1. Chlorophyceae  2. Xanthophyceae  3. Chrysophyceae  4. Bacillariophyceae  5. Cryptophyceae  6. Dinophyceae  7. Chloromonadineae  8. Euglenineae    9. Phaeophyceae  10. Rhodophyceae  11. Myxophyce...
Post a Comment
Read more

✩‧₊ Plaque Blotting Technique

Plaque Blotting Technique *ੈ✩‧₊˚༺☆༻*ੈ✩‧₊˚*ੈ✩‧₊˚༺☆༻*ੈ✩‧₊˚ Introduction Plaque blotting is a molecular biology screening technique used to identify specific DNA or RNA sequences present in bacteriophage plaques formed on a bacterial lawn. It is especially useful in the screening of recombinant phage libraries such as Ξ» (lambda) phage genomic or cDNA libraries. This technique combines: Plaque assay (to isolate individual phage clones) Blotting technique (to transfer nucleic acids onto a membrane) Hybridization (to detect specific sequences using labeled probes) Principle of Plaque Blotting The principle of plaque blotting is based on nucleic acid hybridization. Each plaque represents a clone of phage particles containing identical DNA. DNA from phage particles in plaques is: Released Denatured into single strands Transferred onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane The membrane is incubated with a labeled DNA/RNA probe complementary to the target sequence. Hybridization between probe and t...
Post a Comment
Read more